#e <t>period<d>1900(100)<e>1450(50)<n>Minoan civilisation<c>Crete<info>The Minoan civilisation takes its name from one of their kings, Minos.
// Sea Peoples
#e <t>migration<n>Sea Peoples invade Canaan<d>1200(50)<c>Canaan<info>The so-called "Sea Peoples" invaded the lands of the eastern Mediterranean c. 1200 B.C.
// Carthage
#e <t>founding<d>810(5)<n>Carthage settled<c>Carthage<info>The Phoenicians established a colony at Carthage in about 810 B.C.
#p <nat>Carthaginian<o>soldier<n>Hannibal<b>247(1)<d>183(1)<fa>Hamilcar Barca<c>Carthage<info>Hannibal lead a Carthaginian army @through Spain and into Italy@Hannibal's March@ against Rome during the @Second Punic War@@. In 196 B.C, he was forced to flee into exile due to unpopular political reforms. He commited suicide in 183 B.C.
#e <t>war<n>First Punic War<d>264<e>241<c>Carthage<info>This was the first of a series of wars between Rome and Carthage, a Phoenician colony. ("Punic" is the Roman word for "Phoenician.") The First Punic War ended with the capture of Sicily by the Romans in 241 B.C.
#e <t>war<n>Second Punic War<d>218<e>201<c>Carthage<info>During this war between Rome and Carthage, @Hannibal@@ led an army through Spain and over the Alps to @attack Rome@Hannibal's March@@. Macedon allied itself with Carthage in 215 B.C.
#e <t>battle<d>219<e>202<n>Hannibal's March<c>Carthago Nova<dep>219<c>Saguntum<c>Tarchon<arr>218<c>Arles<c>Trébbia River<arr>217<c>Lake Trasimeno<c>Cápua<arr>216<c>Cannae<arr>212<c>Tarentum<c>Rome<c>Rhegium<c>Croton<arr>202<c>Zama<info>The Carthaginian general @Hannibal@@ brought an army overland through Spain and across the Alps to attack the Romans during the @Second Punic War@@. This campaign is remembered in Western popular mythology for the elephants which Hannibal brought along.
#e <t>battle<d>202<n>battle of Zama<c>Zama<info>@Hannibal@@ was defeated by the Romans at Zama.
#e <t>war<n>Third Punic War<d>149<e>146<c>Carthage<info>The final war between Rome and Carthage ended with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.
// Parthians
#p <nat>Parthian<o>king<n>Mithradates I<ac>171(1)<d>138<c>Parthia<info>Mithradates I of the Arsacid dynasty expanded the boundaries of Parthia into Mesopotamia.
#p <nat>Parthian<o>king<n>Mithradates II<ac>128(1)<d>87<c>Parthia<info>Mithradates II established Parthian boundaries to the east in present-day Afghanistan.
#p <nat>Parthian<o>king<n>Mithradates VI<aka>Mithradates VI Eupator<b>132(2)<ac>120<d>63<c>Pontus<info>At the time of the birth of Mithradates VI, his dynasty in Pontus was an ally of Rome. After he succeeded his father, Mithradates V, however, Rome began to restrict Parthian aspirations. In order to consolidate his power in Anatolia, Mithradates VI built support against Rome. He rescued Greek cities of the Crimea from Sarmatian and Scythian attacks; he achieved control of the entire north coast of the Black Sea, commandeered its shipping, and gained many recruits for his army. Then he occupied Armenia Minor, eastern Pontus, and Colchis. By 104 B.C., Mithradates had also occupied Galatia and Paphlagonia, taking care not to antagonise Rome unduly. His attempt to seize Cappadocia provoked Roman intervention. Beginning in 88, Mithradates took over most of Anatolia, the Aegean Islands, and much of Greece. While so doing, he instigated a massacre of 80,000 Romans and other Italians in Anatolia. After three wars with Rome, Mithradates' ambitions to dominate the East were ended. Mithradates fled to the Crimea, where he ordered a soldier to kill him. Had he succeeded in his military ambitions, he might well have been celebrated as another Alexander the Great.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>battle<n>battle of Qarqar<d>853<c>Qarqar<info>This battle was fought between Assyria (led by @Shalmaneser III@@) and an alliance including Israel and Damascus. It was a draw.
#p <o>king<n>Gyges of Lydia<sur>Gyges<ac>680<d>652<c>Lydia<info>Gyges of Lydia sought an alliance with @Ashurbanipal@@ around the time (c. 663) of Ashurbanipal's successful campaign into Egypt, but the alliance did not last, ending c. 652.
#p <nat>Indian<o>prince<n>Siddhartha Gautama<aka>Buddha, the Enlightened One<b>563(5)<d>age 80(5)<c>India<info>Gautama was born to a priviledged family in what is today Nepal. He grieved at the suffering of others, and sought a better way of life. His teachings, that through inner discipline one could find peace, became the religion of Buddhism.
#p <o>king<n>Croesus<ac>560(2)<d>546<c>Lydia<info>Croesus was the last king of Lydia. He succeeded his father, Alyattes. Famous for his great wealth gained by trade, he instituted the first official government coinage. After capturing Ephesus and other Ionian cities, Croesus tried to limit the growing strength of Persia but was attacked and eventually captured by @Cyrus the Great@@. According to legend, Croesus either was thrown or threw himself on a burning pyre, but he was saved by Apollo. He apparently survived to become an official at the Persian court.
#p <o>ruler<n>Dionysius the Elder<b>430<d>367<c>Syracuse
#e <t>migration<d>275<n>Celts settle in Galatia<c>Galatia<info>Celtic tribes migrated to central Anatolia, where the Seleucid king @Antigonus I@@ settled them in 275 B.C. in an area that became known as Galatia. One of their forts, Angora, became Ankara, the modern capital of Turkey.
#p <nat>Hun<o>king<n>Attila the Hun<b>406(2)<d>453<info>Attila was called "the Scourge of God."
#p <nat>Saxon<o>king<n>Hengist<d>488<c>Kent
#e <t>battle<d>406 Dec<c>Mainz<n>Barbarians cross Rhine<info>German barbarians crossed the Rhine at Mainz and overthrew the Roman garrison on the south side of the river. The Rhine had frozen solid, which was an uncommon occurrence.
#e <t>founding<d>409<n>Vandals make Toledo their capitol<c>Toledo<info>The Vandals established their capitol in Toledo in A.D. 409.
#e <t>sack<d>410<n>Visigoths sack Rome<c>Rome
#e <t>migration<d>429<n>Vandals cross the Strait of Gibraltar<c>Strait of Gibraltar
#e <t>siege<d>430<n>Vandals besiege Hippo<c>Hippo<info>The siege lasted for 14 months.
#e <t>battle<d>451<n>battle of Chalons-sur-Marne<c>France<info>@Attila the Hun@@ was defeated in this battle.
